Blood+Notes+Chapter+8+CK


 * Nature of Blood**

What is blood made of? -->cells, plasma, enzymes, proteins -->plasma-the fluid portion of blood, mainly water -mainly h2O; composes 55% of make-up -45% comes from solid material --red blood, white blood, platelets, (suspended plasma)

1.) platelets-aid in clotting; repair -serum-the liquid that separates from blood when a clot is formed 2.) Red blood cells (erythrocytes)-transport oxygen to places that need it; help transfer cO2 -->use hemoglobin-an Fe containing protein that binds O2 -.>responsible for red color in blood 3.) White blood cells (leukocytes): responsible for defense and immunity -several types -some types surround and engulf and digest foreign substances in the body "virus and bacteria" -other types secrete antibodies -*only blood cell that contains a nucleus -so only course of DNA


 * Antigens and Antibodies**

antigen- a protein that stimulates the production of antibodies antibodies- proteins secreted by WBC that attach to antigens ->specific to a foreign substance

Antigen-antobody response--> when immune system (WBC) recognizes a substance as foreign it attacks 2 ways:

1. B lymphocytes (type WBC)- make specific antibodies against the foreign protein and bind to foreign substances

2. Phagocytes- (type WBY) engulf the invader

--> millions of antigens on the surface of each red blood cell

--> blood antigens are grouped into more than 15 different systems depending on how they relate to each other

A-B-O + Rh blood type system

A

B

AB

O

What is the most popular blood type? -O is the most abundant -A is next -B is next -AB is next

O-> 42% A-42% B-12% AB-3%

serum: the liquid that separates from blood when a clot is formed

Type A individuals have A antigens on the surface Type B have B antigens on the surface Type AB have both A and B antigens on the surface Type O have NO antigens on surface

Rh factor--> D antigen

Rh positive--> D antigens on the surface Rh negative--> no D antigen

Blood serum: contains antibodies

--> antibodies are bivalent --2 sites to attach an antigen so it creates a cross linked network

-the part of the Y is always the same, no matter what it is specific to -any antibody would have the same chain of amino acids

-millions of antigens are on the surface of one blood cell each of the antibodies has the ability to grab two blood cells

Nature made it so:

Type A blood contains B antibodies (Anti-B)--> Antigen on surface

"B" "" "" A antibodies (Anti-A)--> B antigen on surface

Type AB "" no antibodies (A or B) --> A and B antigens on surface

Type O "" both A + B --> no antigen (A + B)

If an A+ person tranfers blood to a person with B+, the Anti-B from person 1 would bind to B antigen on the blood cells of person 2 causing the blood to clump

=blood clumping is called glutenation