DNA+class+project+and+notes+LR

Deoxyribone: DNA - alongn with RNA make a new proteins that - the structure is a double helix - like a ladder twisted in a spiral - the bases of the DNA are in pairs and make up the rungs of the ladder - the upright of the ladder are the structural backbone of the DNA double helix - DNA is made up of 4 different parts called nucleotides - Each nucleotide had deoxyribone ( sugar) - there are 4 hitrogenous bases split into 2 catigories Purines ( A and g) are pairs -- double ringed Pyrimidines ( c and t) are pairs -- single ringed _ when the nitrogenous bases are paired up, they are help together by weak hydrogen bonds - A hydrogen bond is a weak chemical bond that occurs between hydrogen.... - There are 3,000,000,000 base pairs in each cell - the 3 billion base pairs are organized into 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes - 22 of the 23 pairs are similar in males and females. the 23rd pair is different and defines the organism as a male or female. Because of this they are known as the sex chromosomes. - you ger 23 from your mom, 23 from you father = a total for 46 - if you have 2 x's you are a female - 1 x 1 y you are a male - if he passed on the Y the baby will be a male. - a mother always passes on an x
 * DNA**    

 __**What is DNA fingerprinting:**__
 DNA probe: a specific sequence of a single- stranded DNA used to bind to a complementary DNA (or RNA) sequence - probed are usually labeled retroactive or chemically to make then easier to detect, thus revealing the target DNA sequence - The probe has a sequence that matched something in your DNA and it will help the investigator to determine who's DNA it was. If they were to find two people's DNA, and if they needed to determine whose DNA it was, the probe will attach to the persons DNA matches with the sequence n the probe. - WHAT DOES A PROBE LOOK LIKE? - it is going to look for a tiny piece of your DNA. Probes are tiny compared to the DNA in your cells. - the suspect had the darker double lines. - Yo have all of the DNA that you are given. you go into the victim, they sequence that. then they make a complainary base pair. the things float until they all match up. if it is radioactive, they stick, and its active. then you go in, so it stuck but you don't know what it stuck to, so PCR comes in and amplifies everything. It runs it down a gel. Then they have a match!!!


- Steps of PCR -- __**Initialization**__ - heat to 94096 degrees celsius - separated into single strands - hydrogen bonds are brocken -- denaturation

--__**Annealing**__ - Temps. lowered to 50-65 degrees - primers begin the annealing process - Primers initiate DNA synthesis

--Extension/elongation - Taq polymrtse attaches at th primers when the temps of the primers and templates match

__**What is it used for?**__ - mapping techniqued for human genome project DNA fingerprinting Diagnosis of genetic disorders

